C.

Calhoun, J. C., and internal improvements, 145.

California, western trail to, 188; acquisition of, 191.

Campbell, fur trader, 186.

Canals, early projects, 37-38; inadequacy of, 157; in the West, 157 et seq.; see also Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Erie Canal, Welland Canal.

Catskill Turnpike, 16.

Céloron de Blainville sends English traders from Ohio country, 25-26.

Charleston (S. C.), trails to Tennessee from, 19.

Charleston (Wellsburg) made port of entry, 77.

Charlotte Dundas (steamboat), 109, 110.

Chastellux, Chevalier de, Washington's letter to, 6.

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Washington's vision realized in, 10; plan for, 132, 143, 144; Company formed, 145; engineering difficulties, 146; state subscription, 148; contest with Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 150-151.

Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, 19; Washington's vision realized in, 10; follows old route, 152.

Chicago, harbor improvement, 161, 169; canal terminal, 162; growth, 162-163, 172; demand for means of transportation, 164, 170; convention discusses rivers and harbors (1846), 169; Illinois Central Railroad to, 170.

Chickasaw Trail, 97.

Chillicothe (O.), grant to Zane at, 47.

China, influence on West of opening ports, 191.

Chiswell, Fort, "Warrior's Path" from, 19.

Choctaw Trail, 97.

Chouteau, Robert, 184.

Cincinnati, founded, 68; ship-building, 76, 180; made port of entry, 77; see also Columbia.

Clark, William, fur trader, 186.

Clay, Henry, and internal improvements, 145; on Western canal project, 155.

Clermont (steamboat), 78, 113-114.

Cleveland, demand for means of transportation, 164, 170; harbor improvement, 169; growth, 172.

Clinton, DeWitt, Memorial (1816), 127; and Ohio and Miami canals, 159.

Columbia (Cincinnati), port of entry, 74, 77; Baily at, 92; see also Cincinnati.

Comet (steamboat), 78.

Conemaugh River, Kittanning Trail follows, 17.

Congress, Fitch appeals to, 106; appropriation for canal survey, 145.

Connecticut Path, 16.

Connecticut River, Old Bay Path, 15.

Connellsville (Penn.), growth of, 26.

Converse, J. M., 184.

Cooper, Peter, builds engine Tom Thumb, 150.

Cotton, influence on river navigation, 180.

Cowpens, description of inhabitants, 22-24.

Crawford, agent for Washington, letter to, 5.

Crisman, Jesse, owner of Hit or Miss, 140.

Cumberland (Md.), eastern terminus of Cumberland Road, 119.

Cumberland Gap, "Warrior's Path" through, 19; railroad through, 20.

Cumberland Road, 136; Washington's vision realized in, 10; building authorized, 114-115; importance, 116; plan, 118-119; route, 119-120; building of, 120-121; cost, 121; stage lines, 122-123; freight traffic, 123-124; extension to Missouri, 132; Baltimore and, 143-144; bibliography, 199.